Why BEPZA Operates Independently: A Legal and Strategic Perspective in the Context of Bangladesh’s Investment Ecosystem
Why BEPZA Operates Independently: A Legal and Strategic Perspective in the Context of Bangladesh’s Investment Ecosystem
©Md. Abdur Rahman Miah, Additional
Executive Director (Admin), BEPZA, Dhaka
In Bangladesh, the landscape of industrial
development and investment promotion is shaped by a constellation of government
bodies, each with distinct mandates, operational jurisdictions, and legal
frameworks. Among these, the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones
Authority (BEPZA) stands out as a specialized agency that operates
independently, rather than under a consolidated structure along with the Bangladesh
Investment Development Authority (BIDA), Bangladesh Economic
Zones Authority (BEZA), and the Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park
Authority (BHTPA).
This article seeks to explore why
BEPZA continues to function independently in the broader context of investment
facilitation in Bangladesh, despite the increasing call for coordination among
investment authorities. It examines the historical and legal foundation of
these institutions, the strategic rationale behind BEPZA’s autonomy, and the
practical implications of integrating or maintaining separate authorities.
The Legal Foundations of
Key Investment Authorities
1.
Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA)
Establishment: BEPZA was established under the Bangladesh
Export Processing Zones Authority Act, 1980 (Act No. XXXVI of 1980).
Mandate: Its core objective is to attract foreign and domestic
investment by establishing and operating Export Processing Zones (EPZs)
aimed at promoting export-led industrialization.
Under this Act, BEPZA has been
empowered with regulatory, administrative, and promotional authority within its
EPZs. It provides one-stop services to investors, including licensing, customs
clearance, utility connections, and labor administration.
2.
Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA)
Establishment: Formed under the BIDA Act,
2016, by merging the former Board of Investment (BOI) and the Privatization
Commission.
Mandate: BIDA is responsible for promoting and facilitating
investment in non-EPZ, non-EZ, and non-tech park areas across Bangladesh. It
offers services to both local and foreign investors and plays a leading role in
improving the business climate through policy advocacy and regulatory reforms.
3.
Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA)
Establishment: BEZA was created under the Bangladesh
Economic Zones Act, 2010.
Mandate: BEZA is responsible for establishing and managing Economic
Zones (EZs) to promote investment and employment generation in
specific geographic locations with designated infrastructure and incentives.
4.
Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority (BHTPA)
Establishment: BHTPA was established under the Bangladesh
Hi-Tech Park Authority Act, 2010.
Mandate: It focuses on establishing and operating Hi-Tech
Parks, Software Technology Parks, and IT villages, particularly aimed
at developing the ICT sector and creating a knowledge-based economy.
Why BEPZA Operates
Separately
Despite the overlapping functions of
investment promotion and industrial development, BEPZA operates as a distinct
and autonomous entity, and there are several legal, historical,
strategic, and operational reasons for this:
1. Historical
Precedence and Specialized Focus
BEPZA is the oldest among all
investment zone authorities, established in 1980, long before the
emergence of BEZA (2010), BHTPA (2010), and BIDA (2016). It was created to
provide an export-oriented industrial base and has since developed a robust and
well-regarded system for managing EPZs.
This long-standing operational
experience has helped BEPZA evolve into a highly specialized institution with
deep-rooted capacity to manage EPZ infrastructure, labor relations, compliance,
and customs facilitation. Integrating it into a broader authority structure
could risk diluting this specialization and slow down its service delivery
mechanism.
2. Legal
Independence and Statutory Authority
Each authority has been formed under separate
Acts of Parliament, giving them distinct mandates, structures, and
operational autonomy. BEPZA's independence is legally protected under the BEPZA
Act of 1980, which grants it unique authority over zones under its
jurisdiction.
A legal merger or umbrella structure
would require significant legislative amendments to harmonize conflicting
provisions across these Acts, and could potentially face bureaucratic and
political resistance. For example, BIDA’s role is advisory and facilitative,
whereas BEPZA also functions as a regulatory and operational agency
for industrial parks.
3. Distinctive
Operational Models and Investor Profiles
- BEPZA
primarily targets export-oriented industries, especially
in manufacturing, with dedicated customs bonded facilities and labor
compliance.
- BEZA
focuses on mixed-use economic zones, often combining
domestic and export markets.
- BHTPA
targets high-tech and digital economy sectors.
- BIDA
serves as a facilitator for general investment across the
economy.
Merging these institutions under one
umbrella might compromise the efficiency of services tailored to specific types
of investors. BEPZA, in particular, has built a track record of quick service
delivery, high compliance standards, and strong investor trust.
4. Operational
Performance and Economic Contribution
As of March 2025, BEPZA has
demonstrated a remarkable contribution to Bangladesh’s economy:
- 8 operational EPZs and 1 Economic Zone
- 447 active industries from 38 countries
- Investment: US$ 6.98 billion
- Export earnings: US$ 117.01 billion
- Employment: 532,941 Bangladeshis
Such a proven performance model
offers a compelling case for retaining BEPZA’s independence, particularly as it
continues to attract new investment and generate employment at scale. The BEPZA
Economic Zone in Mirsarai alone is expected to attract US$ 4.5 billion
and generate 500,000 jobs.
5. Risk of
Bureaucratic Delays in Integration
Combining BEPZA under a central
investment umbrella (with BIDA, BEZA, and BHTPA) could create new layers of
bureaucracy and slow down the decision-making process, which is currently
streamlined and investor-centric in BEPZA.
In contrast, BEPZA has autonomy to
make quick decisions regarding land allocation, investor approval, and
infrastructure development, which makes it more agile and responsive to market
needs.
6. Different
Development Models and Revenue Streams
BEPZA operates on a self-financing
model, using its revenue from plot rentals, utility charges, and
service fees to fund its operations and reinvest in infrastructure. BEZA and
BHTPA often rely on government budget support or donor financing
for large-scale infrastructure development.
The financial independence of BEPZA
allows it to be more flexible and sustainable in its operations, which might be
compromised under a centralized system.
7. Strategic
Diversity and Competition
Having multiple investment
authorities with overlapping yet distinct mandates fosters healthy
competition among them to improve service delivery, attract more
investors, and innovate. This diversity also offers investors a wider choice of
zones depending on their business type, location preferences, and incentive
structures.
For instance, an investor in garments
may prefer BEPZA's compliance-ready EPZs, while a tech entrepreneur might go
for a BHTPA facility.
Moving Toward Better
Coordination Instead of Merger
While maintaining separate
authorities ensures specialization and operational efficiency, there is a
growing recognition of the need for better coordination among
BEPZA, BIDA, BEZA, and BHTPA. This could include:
- A unified digital platform for investor registration, licensing, and
services
- Inter-agency coordination cells for resolving investor
grievances and harmonizing policies
- Policy alignment to avoid duplication and inconsistencies
- Joint marketing and investment promotion efforts
The question of why BEPZA continues
to operate independently despite the existence of similar authorities lies in
its unique legal foundation, proven performance, specialized focus, and
administrative efficiency. Any move to integrate BEPZA under a broader
umbrella must weigh the trade-offs between centralization and
specialization.
Rather than structural consolidation,
the way forward may lie in collaborative governance, policy
coherence, and technology-enabled coordination among
all investment authorities. This approach can preserve the strengths of each
while ensuring a seamless and attractive environment for both domestic and
foreign investors, thereby supporting Bangladesh’s long-term development goals.
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