Why BEPZA Operates Independently: A Legal and Strategic Perspective in the Context of Bangladesh’s Investment Ecosystem

 Why BEPZA Operates Independently: A Legal and Strategic Perspective in the Context of Bangladesh’s Investment Ecosystem

 

©Md. Abdur Rahman Miah, Additional Executive Director (Admin), BEPZA, Dhaka

 

In Bangladesh, the landscape of industrial development and investment promotion is shaped by a constellation of government bodies, each with distinct mandates, operational jurisdictions, and legal frameworks. Among these, the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) stands out as a specialized agency that operates independently, rather than under a consolidated structure along with the Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA), Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA), and the Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority (BHTPA).

 

This article seeks to explore why BEPZA continues to function independently in the broader context of investment facilitation in Bangladesh, despite the increasing call for coordination among investment authorities. It examines the historical and legal foundation of these institutions, the strategic rationale behind BEPZA’s autonomy, and the practical implications of integrating or maintaining separate authorities.

 

The Legal Foundations of Key Investment Authorities

 

1. Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA)

 

Establishment: BEPZA was established under the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority Act, 1980 (Act No. XXXVI of 1980).


Mandate: Its core objective is to attract foreign and domestic investment by establishing and operating Export Processing Zones (EPZs) aimed at promoting export-led industrialization.

 

Under this Act, BEPZA has been empowered with regulatory, administrative, and promotional authority within its EPZs. It provides one-stop services to investors, including licensing, customs clearance, utility connections, and labor administration.

 

2. Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA)

 

Establishment: Formed under the BIDA Act, 2016, by merging the former Board of Investment (BOI) and the Privatization Commission.


Mandate: BIDA is responsible for promoting and facilitating investment in non-EPZ, non-EZ, and non-tech park areas across Bangladesh. It offers services to both local and foreign investors and plays a leading role in improving the business climate through policy advocacy and regulatory reforms.

 

3. Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA)

 

Establishment: BEZA was created under the Bangladesh Economic Zones Act, 2010.
Mandate: BEZA is responsible for establishing and managing Economic Zones (EZs) to promote investment and employment generation in specific geographic locations with designated infrastructure and incentives.

 

4. Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority (BHTPA)

 

Establishment: BHTPA was established under the Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority Act, 2010.
Mandate: It focuses on establishing and operating Hi-Tech Parks, Software Technology Parks, and IT villages, particularly aimed at developing the ICT sector and creating a knowledge-based economy.

 

Why BEPZA Operates Separately

 

Despite the overlapping functions of investment promotion and industrial development, BEPZA operates as a distinct and autonomous entity, and there are several legal, historical, strategic, and operational reasons for this:

 

1. Historical Precedence and Specialized Focus

 

BEPZA is the oldest among all investment zone authorities, established in 1980, long before the emergence of BEZA (2010), BHTPA (2010), and BIDA (2016). It was created to provide an export-oriented industrial base and has since developed a robust and well-regarded system for managing EPZs.

 

This long-standing operational experience has helped BEPZA evolve into a highly specialized institution with deep-rooted capacity to manage EPZ infrastructure, labor relations, compliance, and customs facilitation. Integrating it into a broader authority structure could risk diluting this specialization and slow down its service delivery mechanism.

 

2. Legal Independence and Statutory Authority

 

Each authority has been formed under separate Acts of Parliament, giving them distinct mandates, structures, and operational autonomy. BEPZA's independence is legally protected under the BEPZA Act of 1980, which grants it unique authority over zones under its jurisdiction.

 

A legal merger or umbrella structure would require significant legislative amendments to harmonize conflicting provisions across these Acts, and could potentially face bureaucratic and political resistance. For example, BIDA’s role is advisory and facilitative, whereas BEPZA also functions as a regulatory and operational agency for industrial parks.

 

3. Distinctive Operational Models and Investor Profiles

 

  • BEPZA primarily targets export-oriented industries, especially in manufacturing, with dedicated customs bonded facilities and labor compliance.
  • BEZA focuses on mixed-use economic zones, often combining domestic and export markets.
  • BHTPA targets high-tech and digital economy sectors.
  • BIDA serves as a facilitator for general investment across the economy.

 

Merging these institutions under one umbrella might compromise the efficiency of services tailored to specific types of investors. BEPZA, in particular, has built a track record of quick service delivery, high compliance standards, and strong investor trust.

 

4. Operational Performance and Economic Contribution

 

As of March 2025, BEPZA has demonstrated a remarkable contribution to Bangladesh’s economy:

 

  • 8 operational EPZs and 1 Economic Zone
  • 447 active industries from 38 countries
  • Investment: US$ 6.98 billion
  • Export earnings: US$ 117.01 billion
  • Employment: 532,941 Bangladeshis

 

Such a proven performance model offers a compelling case for retaining BEPZA’s independence, particularly as it continues to attract new investment and generate employment at scale. The BEPZA Economic Zone in Mirsarai alone is expected to attract US$ 4.5 billion and generate 500,000 jobs.

 

5. Risk of Bureaucratic Delays in Integration

 

Combining BEPZA under a central investment umbrella (with BIDA, BEZA, and BHTPA) could create new layers of bureaucracy and slow down the decision-making process, which is currently streamlined and investor-centric in BEPZA.

 

In contrast, BEPZA has autonomy to make quick decisions regarding land allocation, investor approval, and infrastructure development, which makes it more agile and responsive to market needs.

 

6. Different Development Models and Revenue Streams

 

BEPZA operates on a self-financing model, using its revenue from plot rentals, utility charges, and service fees to fund its operations and reinvest in infrastructure. BEZA and BHTPA often rely on government budget support or donor financing for large-scale infrastructure development.

 

The financial independence of BEPZA allows it to be more flexible and sustainable in its operations, which might be compromised under a centralized system.

 

7. Strategic Diversity and Competition

 

Having multiple investment authorities with overlapping yet distinct mandates fosters healthy competition among them to improve service delivery, attract more investors, and innovate. This diversity also offers investors a wider choice of zones depending on their business type, location preferences, and incentive structures.

 

For instance, an investor in garments may prefer BEPZA's compliance-ready EPZs, while a tech entrepreneur might go for a BHTPA facility.

 

Moving Toward Better Coordination Instead of Merger

 

While maintaining separate authorities ensures specialization and operational efficiency, there is a growing recognition of the need for better coordination among BEPZA, BIDA, BEZA, and BHTPA. This could include:

 

  • A unified digital platform for investor registration, licensing, and services
  • Inter-agency coordination cells for resolving investor grievances and harmonizing policies
  • Policy alignment to avoid duplication and inconsistencies
  • Joint marketing and investment promotion efforts

 

The question of why BEPZA continues to operate independently despite the existence of similar authorities lies in its unique legal foundation, proven performance, specialized focus, and administrative efficiency. Any move to integrate BEPZA under a broader umbrella must weigh the trade-offs between centralization and specialization.

 

Rather than structural consolidation, the way forward may lie in collaborative governance, policy coherence, and technology-enabled coordination among all investment authorities. This approach can preserve the strengths of each while ensuring a seamless and attractive environment for both domestic and foreign investors, thereby supporting Bangladesh’s long-term development goals.

 

 

Bibliography

 

 

Ahmed, S., & Ghani, E. (2017). South Asia’s turn: Policies to boost competitiveness and create the next export powerhouse. World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0890-9

 

Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA). (2025). BEPZA Annual Report 2024–2025 (up to March 2025). https://bepza.gov.bd

 

Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority Act, 1980 (Act No. XXXVI of 1980). (1980). Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. https://bepza.gov.bd

 

Bangladesh Economic Zones Act, 2010. (2010). Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. https://beza.gov.bd

 

Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority Act, 2010. (2010). Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. https://www.bhtpa.gov.bd

 

Bangladesh Investment Development Authority Act, 2016. (2016). Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. https://bida.gov.bd

 

Ministry of Finance. (2024). Bangladesh Economic Review 2024–2025. Government of Bangladesh. https://mof.gov.bd

 

Planning Commission. (2024). Development project proforma (DPP) and ECNEC reports. Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh.

 

Rahman, M. (2019). EPZs and economic zones in Bangladesh: A comparative policy review (CPD Occasional Paper Series). Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD). https://cpd.org.bd

 

The Daily Star. (2024, September–2025, March). Various reports on BEPZA and EPZ development. https://www.thedailystar.net

 

UNCTAD. (2020). World investment report 2020: International production beyond the pandemic. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/webflyer/world-investment-report-2020

 

World Bank Group. (2021). Doing business in Bangladesh: An overview of investment climate and reforms. https://www.worldbank.org





মন্তব্যসমূহ

এই ব্লগটি থেকে জনপ্রিয় পোস্টগুলি

ভূমিকম্প সংঘটনের পূর্বে, ভূমিকম্পকালীন এবং ভূমিকম্প-পরবর্তী করণীয়: প্রাতিষ্ঠানিক ও কমিউনিটি দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে একটি সমন্বিত বিশ্লেষণ

চাকরি একটি দাবার ঘুটি: ক্ষমতা, পদ এবং মানুষের পরিচয়ের রূপক

বিবাহ বহির্ভূত সম্পর্ক: মানবিক দুর্বলতা না সামাজিক অবক্ষয়?